BaAghdad/LondonWhen the Iraqi army and Iranian-backed Shiite militia entered a key oil processing facility in Iraqs north to retake it from Kurdish peshmerga forces last week, the installation was deserted and its alarm bells ringing. Engineers and workers on the facility, which processes oil from two major fields in the Kirkuk area of predominantly Sunni Kurdistan, had fled, fearing the military advance.
No one wanted to risk their life and decided to evacuate as stories about the Shiite militia and Qasem Soleimani were spreading fast, a senior Kurdish oil industry source said, referring to the head of foreign operations for Irans elite Revolutionary Guard. The source declined to be identified.
Iraqi engineers arrived to the sound of alarm bells warning about system malfunctions, prompting them to immediately shut down wells. Now, they need passwords and expertise from their Kurdish counterparts to restore oil output fully.
The loss of control of Kirkuk oil fields is likely to starve the Kurdistan Regional Government of vital oil revenue and cause deep concern to trading houses such as Vitol and Glencore, which have granted the semiautonomous government billions of dollars in loans against oil sales.
Baghdads lightning military offensive into northern Iraq came after the KRG held an independence referendum last month.
Maj. Gen. Soleimani, one of the most influential military figures in the Middle East, with reach in Syria and Lebanon, issued tough warnings to Kurdish leaders ahead of the Iraqi military advance.
We went inside the oil field facilities after Kurdish workers fled and we found overalls and safety boots thrown on the ground, said an engineer from the Baghdad-run North Oil Company, who declined to be identified because he was ordered not to speak publicly about the issue.
It seems that workers took them off and escaped very quickly.
NOC crews entered oil facilities in the Bai Hassan and Avana fields on Oct. 17 for the first time since 2014, when peshmerga forces drove Daesh (ISIS) from the area and found all crude oil stations unmanned. Peshmerga fighters had also withdrawn.
After we discovered that some of the key equipment was missing and the control panel was ringing alarms of crude processing malfunction, we immediately shut down oil wells, the NOC engineer said.
A week after the operation, Iraqi engineers are still struggling to resume Kirkuks oil production, saying they had yet to understand how to operate the equipment processing some 350,000 barrels per day.
The military offensive more than halved Kurdistans oil output and cut its exports to global markets via Turkey by two-thirds.
The drop in exports has deprived the region of more than $200 million in revenues over the past week, a Kurdish oil industry source familiar with loadings told Reuters.
It has also dealt a further blow to the regions finances already stretched by a fight against Daesh and a budget crisis caused by a fall in oil prices. The United States has called on both sides to resume dialogue, saying the tensions hamper efforts to fight Daesh.
Resuming normal oil production and exports will be challenging and will take at least another week and will only succeed if Iraqi and Kurdish engineers agree to cooperate, according to both sides.
Tuesday, NOC officials asked Kurdish engineering firm Kar Group to send back its workers, according to sources on both sides. Iraqi engineers need guidance on how to operate recently installed equipment at Bai Hassan and Avana, the sources said.
The pumping and operational stations for both oil fields are located in the city of Dahuk, which unlike Kirkuk is still under the control of the peshmerga forces.
Energy facilities in Kirkuk are more like a locked box and only their crew have the password, the Iraqi engineer said.
Kar Group has, however, so far refrained from going back without security guarantees, according to sources close to the company.
Kirkuk, one of the oldest oil areas in the Middle East, had long been under the control of Iraqi forces until it was overrun by Daesh. In 2014, it was retaken by the peshmerga, the official security forces of the KRG, as part of their advance on Daesh.
That allowed Kurdistan to regain control of an area it believes is historically Kurdish and ramp up exports from the oil fields while borrowing billions of dollars from trading houses and Russian Rosneft.
We need to figure out who gets what when the fields resume production. At the moment the potential split of revenues is far from clear, the Kurdish oil industry source said.
Before the referendum, Kurdistan was exporting some 600,000 bpd of crude via Turkey, which it said had made it almost totally economically independent as it could pay its own bills without the need to wait for budget transfers from Baghdad.
Under the deal with Baghdad, Kurdistan was exporting 540,000 bpd on behalf of the government in the city of Irbil and some 60,000 bpd on behalf of NOC.
With the loss of control of the Kirkuk area, Kurdistan will be in theory left with only 250,000-300,000 bpd of its own output, less than it needs to cover its debt obligations.
Vitol, Glencore, Petraco and Trafigura have loaned Kurdistan some $2.5 billion and Russias Rosneft has loaned some $1.2 billion.
Glencores boss Ivan Glasenberg said last week he could not rule out a rescheduling of the payments.
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