The development of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor has spurred debate in all quarters. Some perceive it as a form of neo-colonialism, criticising Pakistan’s government for promoting unethical business practices at the cost of ordinary citizens’ livelihoods. Others see the CPEC as an unprecedented opportunity for economic revival with potential for a number of positive spillover effects including stronger local institutions.
CPEC is a package of infrastructure projects worth $46 billion. About two-thirds of this funding, $33 billion, is committed towards establishing energy and power projects in Pakistan. Ahmed Zulfiqar Siddiqui, a senior executive at China Power, says these projects will help alleviate the country’s chronic energy crisis which cost the nation 7% of its annual GDP last year.
“The Chinese have invested in power generation from coal and LNG as well as hydel, wind and solar power," Siddiqui said. "A new transmission line funded by them will carry electricity from new power generation units in Sindh to load centres in Punjab. Shanghai Electric, a sister company of China Power, has also expressed interest in acquiring a major stake in K-Electric, which is the main provider of electric power to over 20 million people in Karachi. The Chinese are therefore covering the entire power sector value chain – from fuel extraction (mining) to end-user distribution.”
As per plan
Improved energy supply could enable Pakistan to boost its flagging indigenous industries such as textiles, agriculture and manufacturing, increase exports and ultimately lead to sustained economic growth in the long term.
A Deloitte study predicts that if everything goes according to the plan, the combined value of CPEC’s infrastructure projects would be equivalent to 17% of Pakistan’s GDP in 2015. Moreover, the project is expected to create at least 7,00,000 direct jobs and serve as a springboard for the development of industries such as retail, tourism, hospitality, health and education.
The expansion of these industries could potentially lead to synergies among various downstream sectors with benefits accruing to the larger population. But Siddiqui stresses the need for policies to ensure involvement of local unskilled labour and small contractors since the mega-construction projects will predominantly be executed by Chinese labour.
He also highlights the need to protect established local industries against price competition from China since local firms may not be able to compete with cheaper Chinese industries.
The CPEC project may also benefit the real-estate industry along the trade route. In Gawadar, property prices have more than doubled in recent months due to demand for housing. Atif Alam, owner of RB Associates, a real estate agency which deals in property across the country, believes that demand for quality housing and recreation facilities will sky-rocket as more Chinese expats move to Pakistan and infrastructure development enables access to previously isolated areas of natural beauty or historic significance.
CPEC could catalyse Pakistan’s gradual shift from an agrarian economy to a logistics hub for the transport of goods from China to emerging markets in the Middle East and Africa and vice versa. With the development of emerging market economies, demand and supply have started to shift to the South.
China has already surpassed the United States as Dubai’s largest trading partner and imports more oil than any other nation in the world. Singapore is another major bilateral trade partner for China. Dubai and Singapore have both evolved into major transport hubs for both passengers and cargo, due largely to their strategic geographic locations, robust infrastructure and strong leadership, serving as gateways to emerging markets in Asia, Middle East, Africa and Western Europe.
Today, these cities connect cultures and commodities, deriving most of their earnings from external trade, tourism, aviation, real estate and financial services. Pakistan is strategically positioned to follow this model. However, in order to ensure long-term sustainability, it must avoid some of the common pitfalls of foreign development.
Unfinished projects, uneven outcomes
Sabrin Aziz Beg, Assistant Professor at the University of Delaware focussing on Development Economics and Political Economy, views the CPEC as a “promising” arrangement that could mutually benefit both countries. But she emphasises the need for more rigorous research and documentation in order to evaluate whether the economic benefits of large-scale infrastructure projects outweigh the social and environmental costs in the long term.
Beg cautions that “long-term investments in infrastructure projects in developing countries are subject to the whims of political leaders. This means we risk having unfinished projects; resources are already expended, but the expected benefit is not realised leaving the host country mired in debt.” Based on research in Ghana, she said: “a third of development projects that begin are never completed.” Greater transparency and accountability is required to minimize risk of corruption and ensure that the sanctioned funds are used for the intended projects.
Juan Pablo Cardenal and Heriberto Araujo, co-authors of China’s Silent Army: The Pioneers, Traders, Fixers and Workers Who Are Remaking the World in Beijing’s Image, find that Chinese state-owned corporations employ many of the same exploitative business practices overseas as they do at home. Forms of exploitation include illegal natural resource extraction, environmental pollution, human rights abuses and perpetuation of an (already damaged) status quo for economic gains.
While white-collar executives are well-compensated and enjoy improved living standards, the disenfranchised factory workers, labourers and low-skilled workers have to deal with minimal wages, abysmal living and working conditions with little hope of breaking out of the vicious cycle of poverty. Pakistani society already harbours vast disparity between wealthy and poor citizens, promulgated by a culture of feudalism.
A foreign investor not interested in increasing the well-being of the marginalised, is likely to further exploit their vulnerabilities without fear of reprisal. There is no technology transfer or skill development focus by Chinese projects so far. CPEC is currently an investment & employment opportunity for the Chinese rather than Pakistan, and the “P” is largely missing from CPEC.
Environmental concerns
Compared to international best practices such as the IFC Performance Standards and the Equator Principles for sustainable development,developing countries’ environmental and social standards are relatively lax. Without third-party oversight to ensure that the project is environmentally and socially sustainable, and stricter monitoring and law enforcement, abuse of authority will be difficult to prevent. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature has expressed concerns about the potential environmental impacts of CPEC projects but local authorities have yet to take concrete action.
Yawar Herekar, a sustainability expert with experience at the World Bank suggests inserting environmental and social clauses into the contracts to minimise the projects’ negative impacts with independent agencies monitoring the projects at all stages to ensure compliance. Currently there is no substantial collaboration in policy reform.
The CPEC’s energy projects which include several coal fired power plants will also contribute to a significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Ironically, under the CPEC agreements, China and Pakistan have alsosigned a MOU to address global threats such as climate change.
Earlier this year, Pakistan and China both experienced unprecedented rainfall which has been linked to climate change. The resultant floodingkilled over 150 people in China and caused economic losses worth $3 billion. While a collaborative approach to adaptation planning is certainly the correct way forward, policy makers from both countries appear to be going around in circles when it comes to addressing the root of the problem.
“Sacrificing Pakistan’s welfare to mitigate climate change is not so simple an equation,"said Agha Ali Akram, an environmental economist and Visiting Fellow at Yale University. "Countries like Pakistan that are especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change need to think about adaptation options rather than focusing on mitigation efforts.”
In order to incorporate environmental and social costs into the decision-making process, Akram recommends conducting a complete cost-benefit analysis that accounts for environmental and social costs that might not necessarily be captured in market transactions. For example, he said, “When we build a highway – we must account for not only direct pecuniary costs [such as building and maintenance] but also costs to the environment in the form of damages.”
The way forward
Pakistan is standing on the cusp of economic revival. Strong leadership is required to steer the country through the path of sustainable development. It is the Pakistani authorities’ responsibility to ensure that worker’s rights are protected, environmental and social externalities accounted for and the affected parties duly compensated for damages.
First and foremost, the government should prioritise investment in its own people and empower them through access to education, employment and equal opportunities to become active participants in the economy. Vocational training and Chinese language training will equip people with the basic skills required to establish businesses, participate in infrastructure development projects and use the CPEC to their own advantage.
Government-mandated audits of infrastructure projects by third-party international environmental accreditation bodies such as theInternational Organisation of Standardisation or ASTM Internationalcould help prevent human and environmental exploitation. An overarching policy framework is urgently required to manage the progress of CPEC and ensure that the benefits of the CPEC trickle down to the masses and uplift the entire country as opposed to enriching a select few.
Ultimately, economic revival could reduce socio-economic inequities among ordinary citizens, create a more level playing field for all the provinces and stamp out extremism which feeds on poverty and unemployment.
This Article First Appeared In The Third Pole.
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